Effects of drying conditions on grain quality: a review
Efeitos das condições de secagem na qualidade do grão: uma revisão
Resumo
Post-harvest grain drying reduces water activity, which reduces the rates of chemical reactions responsible for grain deterioration and which are essential for maintaining their quality. Most studies on grain drying are performed on the laboratory scale to study the factors that determine the quality of grains on a large scale. Such factors include air temperature and flow, grain layer thickness, raw material composition, and drying system employed. This review describes the effects of drying systems and their variations on grain quality, focusing on the physicochemical properties, mycotoxin levels, and bioactive compounds and components of grains.
Downloads
Referências
ABOUD, S. A. et al. A comprehensive review on infrared heating applications in food processing. Molecules, v. 24, p. 4125, 2019.
Ali, M. et al. Oven-drying reduces ruminal starch degradation in maize kernels. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 193, p. 44-50, 2014.
Bala, B. K. Grain Drying Systems. In Drying and Storage of Cereal Grains, ch8, p. 195-213, 2016.
Barrozo, M. A. S.; Mujumdar, A.; Freire, J. T. Air-Drying of Seeds: A Review. Drying Technology, v. 32, p. 1127–1141, 2014.
Boroze, T. et al. Inventory and comparative characteristics of dryers used in the sub-Saharan zone: Criteria influencing dryer choice. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 40, p. 1240-1259, 2014.
Cenkowski, S.; Sokhansanj, S. Mathematical modelling of radial continuous crossflow agricultural dryers. Journal of Food Process Engineering, v. 10, p. 165-181, 1988.
Chahbani, A. et al. Microwave drying effects on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of green peas (Pisum sativum L.). Food Bioscience, v. 25, p. 32-38, 2018.
Charmongkolpradit, S. et al. Influence of drying temperature on anthocyanin and moisture contents in purple waxy corn kernel using a tunnel dryer. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, v. 25, p. 100886, 2021.
Chandrasekaran, S.; Ramanathan, S.; Basak, T. Microwave food processing - A review. Food Research International, v. 52, p. 243 – 261, 2013.
Coradi, P. C. et al. Silo–dryer–aerator in fixed and thick layer conceptualized for high quality of grains applied in different social scales post-harvest: modeling and validation. Drying Technology, v. 40, p. 1369-1394, 2020.
Córdova-Noboa, H. A. et al. Effects of corn kernel hardness and grain drying temperature on particle size and pellet durability when grinding using a roller mill or hammermill. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 271, p. 114715, 2021.
Darvishi, H.; Khoshtaghaza, M. H.; Minaei, S. Effects of fluidized bed drying on the quality of soybean kernels. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, v. 14, p. 134-139, 2015.
Dhaliwal, H. K.; Gänzle, M.; Roopesh, A. S. Influence of drying conditions, food composition, and water activity on the thermal resistance of Salmonella enterica. Food Research International, v. 147, p. 110548, 2021.
Dondee, S. et al. Reducing cracking and breakage of soybean grains under combined near-infrared radiation and fluidized-bed drying. Journal of Food Engineering, v. 104, p. 6-13, 2011.
Dong W. et al. Effect of microwave vacuum drying on the drying characteristics, color, microstructure, and antioxidant activity of green coffee beans. Molecules, v. 23, p. 1146, 2018.
Elias, M. C. et al. Physicochemical properties and enzymatic bean grains dried at different temperatures and stored for 225 days. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v. 37, p. 1295-1306, 2016.
Elmholt, S.; Kritensen, E. E.; Thrane, U. Comparing the effect of continuous drying and drum drying on fungal contamination of bread grain (rye). Biosystems Engineering, v. 97, p. 425-428, 2007.
FAO. Save Food: Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2021. Avaible in: https://www.fao.org/3/i4068e/i4068e.pdf
Faria, R. Q. et al. Optimization of the process of drying of corn seeds with the use of microwaves. Drying Technology, v. 38, p. 676-684, 2020.
Hayat, I. et al. Nutritional and health perspectives of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): an overview. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, v. 54, p. 580-592, 2014.
Hundal, J.; Takhar, P. S. Experimental study on the effect of glass transition on moisture profiles and stress-crack formation during continuous and time-varying drying of maize kernels. Biosystems Engineering, 106, 156-165, 2010.
Kaminski, J.; Christiaensen, L. Post-harvest loss in sub-Saharan Africa—what do farmers say? Global Food Security, v. 3, p. 149-158, 2014.
Kheravii, S. K. et al. Nutrient digestibility response to sugarcane bagasse addition and corn particle size in normal and high Na diets for broilers. Poultry Science, v. 97, p. 1170–1176, 2018.
Kumar, C.; Karim, M. A.; Joardder, M. U. H. Intermittent drying of food products: A critical review. Journal of Food Engineering, 121, 48-57, 2014.
Kumar, D.; Kalita, P. Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries. Foods, 6, 1-8, 2017.
Lang, G, H. et al. Effects of drying temperature and long-term storage conditions on black rice phenolic compounds. Food Chemistry, v. 287, p. 197-204, 2019.
Lang, G. H. et al. Fluidized‐bed drying of black rice grains: Impact on cooking properties, in vitro starch digestibility, and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds. Journal of Food Science, v. 85, p. 1717-1724, 2020.
Lang, G. H. et al. Influence of drying temperature on the structural and cooking quality properties of black rice. Cereal Chemistry, v. 95, p. 564-574, 2018.
Li, Y. et al. Effects of High-Temperature Air Fluidization (HTAF) on the Structural, Functional, and in Vitro Digestive Properties of Corn. Starch/Staerke, v. 69, p. 1–8, 2017.
Livramento, K. G. et al. Proteomic analysis of coffee grains exposed to different drying process. Food Chemistry, v. 221, p. 1874-1882, 2017.
Luo, X. Principles of electromagnetic waves in metasurfaces. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, v.58, p. 1-18, 2015.
Luthra, K.; Sadaka, S. S. Challenges and opportunities associated with drying rough rice in fluidized bed dryers: A review. Transactions of the ASABE, v. 63, p. 583-595, 2020.
Malumba, P. et al. Influence of drying temperature on the wet-milling performance and the proteins solubility indexes of corn kernels. Journal of Food Engineering, v. 95, p. 393-399, 2009.
Malumba, P. et al. Physicochemical characterization and in vitro assessment of the nutritive value of starch yield from corn dried at different temperatures. Starch/Starke, v. 66, p. 738-748, 2014.
Muller, A. et al. Rice drying, storage and processing: effects of post-harvest operations on grain quality. Rice Science, v. 29, p. 16-30, 2022.
Nuthong, P. et al. Kinetics and modeling of whole longan with combined infrared and hot air. Journal of Food Engineering, v. 102, p. 233-239, 2011.
Odjo, S. et al. Influence of variety, harvesting date and drying temperature on the composition and the in vitro digestibility of corn grain. Journal of Cereal Science, v. 79, p. 218-225, 2018.
Odjo, S. et al. Influence of drying and hydrothermal treatment of corn on the denaturation of salt-soluble proteins and color parameters. Journal of Food Engineering, v. 109, p. 561-570, 2012.
Ogawa, T.; Adachi, S. Drying and rehydration of pasta. Drying Technology, v. 35, p. 1919-1949, 2017.
Oliveira, M.; Elias, M. C.; Paraginski, R. T. Pós-Colheita, Qualidade e Industrialização de Grãos de Feijão. 1. ed. Pelotas: Editora e Cópias Santa Cruz, 271p, 2016.
Péra, T. G. Modelagem das perdas na agrologística brasileira: uma aplicação de programação matemática. Dissertação (Mestrado. em Engenharia de Sistemas Logísticos) - Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, 2017.
Pohndorf, R. S. et al. Kinetic evaluation and optimization of red popcorn grain drying: Influence of the temperature and air velocity on the expansion properties and β-carotene content. Journal of Food Processing Engineer, 3204, 2019.
Ramos, A. H. et al. Characteristics of flour and starch isolated from red rice subjected to different drying conditions. Starch/Staerke, v. 71, p. 1800257, 2019.
Ramos, A. H. et al. Red rice drying and storage: Effects on technological properties and phenolic compounds of the raw and cooked grains. Journal of Cereal Science, v. 103, p. 103405, 2022.
Rattanamechaiskul, C. et al. Influence of hot air fluidized bed drying on quality changes of purple rice. Drying Technology, v. 34, p. 1462-147, 2016.
Sakare, P. et al. Infrared drying of food materials: Recent advances. Food Engineering Reviews, v. 12, p. 381-398, 2020
Scariot, M. A. et al. Effect of drying air temperature and storage on industrial and chemical quality of rice grains. Journal of Stored Products Research, v. 89, p. 101717, 2020.
Setiawan, S. et al. Effects of drying conditions of corn kernels and storage at an elevated humidity on starch structures and properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 58, p. 12260-12267, 2010.
Smith, D. L. et al. Implications of microwave drying using 915 MH z frequency on rice physicochemical properties. Cereal Chemistry, v. 95, p. 211-225, 2018.
Souza, G. F. M. V. et al. Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a fixed bed dryer. Applied Thermal Engineering, v. 90, p. 38-44, 2015.
Thakur, A.; Gupta A. K. (2007). Stationary versus Fluidized-Bed Drying of High-Moisture Paddy with Rest Period. Drying Technology, v. 24, p. 1443-1456, 2007.
Timm, N. S. et al. Infrared radiation drying of parboiled rice: Influence of temperature and grain bed depth in quality aspects. Journal of Food Processing Engineer, v. 43, p. 13375, 2020c.
Timm, N. S. et al. Effects of drying methods and temperatures on protein, pasting, and thermal properties of white floury corn. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 14767, 2020b.
Timm, N. S. et al. Effects of drying temperature and genotype on morphology and technological, thermal, and pasting properties of corn starch. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 165, p. 354-364, 2020a.
Tohidi, M.; Sadeghi, M.; Torki-Harchegani, M. Energy and quality aspects for fixed deep bed drying of paddy. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 70, p. 519-528, 2017.
Wei, S. et al. Stress simulation and cracking prediction of cornkernels during hot-air drying. Food Bioproducts Processing, v. 121, p. 202-212, 2020.
Wilson, S. A. et al. Radiant heat treatments for corn drying and decontamination. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, v. 41, p. 13193, 2017.
Wray, D.; Ramaswamy, H. S. Novel concepts in microwave drying of foods. Drying Technology, v. 33, p. 769-783, 2015.
Xu, F. et al. Effect of intermittent microwave drying on biophysical characteristics of rice. Journal of Food Process Engineering, v. 40, p. 12590, 2017.
Yang, W. et al. Relationship of kernel moisture content gradients and glass transition temperatures to head rice yield. Biosystems Engineering, v. 85, p. 467–476, 2003.
Yogendrasasidhar, D.; Setty, Y. P. Drying kinetics, exergy and energy analyses of Kodo millet grains and Fenugreek seeds using wall heated fluidized bed dryer. Energy, v. 151, p. 799-811, 2018.
Zare, D.; Naderi, H.; Ranjbaran, M. Energy and Quality Attributes of Combined Hot-Air/Infrared Drying of Paddy. Drying Technologgy, v. 33, p. 570-582, 2015.
Zhou, X. et al. Effects of infrared radiation drying and heat pump drying combined with tempering on the quality of long‐grain paddy rice. International Journal of Food Science, v. 53, p. 2448-2456, 2018.
Ziegler, V.; Paraginski, R.T; Ferreira, C. D. Grain storage systems and effects of moisture, temperature and time on grain quality - A review. Jounal of Stored Products Research, v. 91, p. 101770, 2021.
Ziegler, V. et al. Effects of drying temperature of red popcorn grains on the morphology, technological, and digestibility properties of starch. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 145, p. 568-574, 2020.