Variability in Compression Strength of Rammed Earth Walls
Variabilidade na resistência à compressão de paredes em taipa de pilão
Palavras-chave:
Rammed Earth, Compressive Strength, Cultural Heritage, Structural Behavior, Moisture VariationResumo
Rammed earth buildings are a crucial component of global cultural heritage. The conservation of these structures requires a detailed understanding of their structural behavior. This study investigates the compressive strength in different regions of a rammed earth prototype, constructed according to historical techniques and materials. During construction, rigorous control of moisture and compaction methodology was maintained. Samples were collected on the same day, ensuring that the integrity of compaction, internal structure, and adjacent components were not compromised. The results revealed significant variability in compressive strength, with no apparent correlation to the location of the samples. Variations in environmental moisture and incomplete homogeneity of layer compaction do not explain these discrepancies. This initial study indicates the need for further research to elucidate the factors contributing to this variability, representing a crucial step towards understanding and preserving rammed earth structures.
Downloads
Referências
ADEGUN, O. B.; ADEDEJI, Y. M. D. Review of economic and environmental benefits of earthen materials for housing in Africa. Frontiers of Architectural Research, v. 6, n. 4, 519-528, 2017. DOI:10.1016/j.foar.2017.08.003
AL-JOKHADAR, A.; SOUDI, Y.; ABU HASHEM, Y.; MASOUD, A. Moisture Content and Compressive Strength of Rammed Earth Construction Mixtures in Hot Arid Regions: The Case of Amman, Jordan. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 36, n. 2, 219-237, 2024. DOI:10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-16139
ARTO, I; GALLEGO, R; CIFUENTES, H; PUERTAS, E; GUTIÉRREZ-CARRILLO, M. L. Fracture behavior of rammed earth in historic buildings. Construction and Building Materials, v. 289, 123167, 2021. DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123167
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, NBR 8802 – Concreto endurecido – Determinação da velocidade de propagação de onda ultrassônica. Rio de Janeiro, 2019.
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. ABNT – NBR 7182 – Solo. Ensaio de compactação. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 1986. 10p.
AVILA, F; PUERTAS, E; GALLEGO, R. Characterization of the mechanical and physical properties of stabilized rammed earth: A review. Construction and Building Materials, v.325, 126693, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126693
BANDEIRA, R. F. Estudo da correlação entre resistência mecânica e velocidade ultrassônica para um material terroso. 2009. 89f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ambiente Construído Patrimônio Sustentável) - Escola de Arquitetura, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M.G., 2009.
BECKETT, C. T. S.; HALL, M. R.; AUGARDE, C. E. Macrostructural changes in compacted earthen construction materials under loading. Acta Geotechnica. v. 8, V. 4, 423-438, 2013. DOI:10.1007/s11440-012-0203-6
BUI, Q. B.; MOREL, J. C.; HANS, S.; MEUNIER, N. Compression behavior of non-industrial materials in civil engineering by three scale experiments: the case of rammed earth. Materials and Structures, v. 42, n. 8, 1101-1116, 2009. DOI:10.1617/s11527-008-9446-y
BUI, Q. B.; MOREL, J. C.; HANS, S.; WALKER, P. Effect of moisture content on the mechanical characteristics of rammed earth. Construction and Building Materials, V. 54, n. 15, 163-169, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.067
BUI, Q. B.; MOREL, J. C. Assessing the anisotropy of rammed earth: From observations to quantifications. Construction and Building Materials, v. 23, n. 9, 3005-3011, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.04.011
BURROUGHS, S. Relationships between the density and strength of rammed Earth. Construction Materials, v. 162, n. 3, 113-120, 2009. DOI:10.1680/coma.2009.162.3.113
EIJK, D. V.; SOUZA, V. C. M. Surgimento, desenvolvimento e desaparecimento da técnica taipa de pilão no Brasil. Conservar Património, 3-4, p. 17 – 24, 2006. Disponível em: < https://arp.org.pt/revista_antiga/pdf/3-4_2.pdf > Acesso em: 14 fev. 2023.
EVANGELISTA, A.C.J. Avaliação da resistência do concreto usando diferentes ensaios não- destrutivos. 2002. 219f. Tese (Doutorado Engenharia Civil) – COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 2002.
FEYERABEND, P. Contra o método; tradução de Octanny S. da Mota e Leonidas Hegenberg. Rio de Janeiro: F. Alves, 1977.
HALLAL, M. M.; SADEK, S.; NAJJAR, S.S. Evaluation of Engineering Characteristics of Stabilized Rammed-Earth Material Sourced from Natural Fines-Rich Soil. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 30, n. 11, 4018273, 2018. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002481
JAQUIN, P. A.; AUGARDE, C. E.; GALLIPOLI, D.; TOLL, D. G. The strength of unstabilised rammed earth materials. Géotechnique, v. 59, n. 5, 487-490, 2009. DOI:10.1680/geot.2007.00129
KHAN, A.; GUPTA, R.; GARG, M. Determining material characteristics of Rammed Earth using Non-Destructive Test methods for structural design. Structures, v. 20, 399-410, 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.istruc.2019.05.003
KOUTOUS, A; HILALI, E. Reinforcing rammed earth with plant fibers: A case study. Case Studies in Construction Materials, v. 14, e00514. 2021. DOI:10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00514.
MANIATIDIS, V.; WALKER, P. Structural Capacity of Rammed Earth in Compression. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, v. 20, n. 3, 230-238, 2008. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:3(230)
NARLOCH, P.; WOYCIECHOWSKI, P. Assessing Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth Durability in A Humid Continental Climate. Buildings, v. 10, n. 2, 26, 2020. DOI:10.3390/buildings10020026
PEIXOTO, M. V. S. Avaliação da integridade mecânica em paredes de taipa de pilão utilizando a técnica do ultrassom. 2017. 220f. Tese (Doutorado em Artes) - Escola de Belas Artes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M.G., 2017.
PEIXOTO, M. V. S. Metodologia para aplicação de ensaios ultrassônicos em minipainéis de taipa de pilão. 2011. 109fls. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ambiente Construído Patrimônio Sustentável) - Escola de Arquitetura, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, M.G., 2011.
POPOVICS, S. Analysis of the concrete strength versus ultrasonic pulse velocity relationship. Materials Evaluation, v. 59, n. 2, 23-130, 2001.
RAAVI, S. S. D; TRIPURA, D. D. Predicting and evaluating the engineering properties of unstabilized and cement stabilized fibre reinforced rammed earth blocks. Construction and Building Material,.v. 262, 120845, 2020. DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120845
TOUFIGH, V.; KIANFAR, E. The effects of stabilizers on the thermal and the mechanical properties of rammed earth at various humidities and their environmental impacts. Construction and Building Materials, v. 200, 616-629, 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.050
WHITEHURST, E. A. Evaluation of concrete properties from sonic test. Detroit American Concrete Institute, 1966.