We breathe pesticides: the presence of contaminants of the breathable and inhalable fractions of atmospheric particulate matter
Respiramos agrotóxicos: a presença de contaminantes das frações respirável e inalável do material particulado atmosférico
Palavras-chave:
Fine particulate matter, Coarse particulate matter, Pesticides, LC-MS/MS, SioutasResumo
Atmospheric air contamination by pesticides present in particulate matter is considered ubiquitous and can be found in different regions of the world. Atmospheric particulate matter can be collected by separating the fine from the coarse particles, simulating the action in the respiratory tract. The presence of pesticides in particulate matter fractionated by size was investigated in a peri-urban region, where agriculture is intense. Weekly samples were obtained using a cascade impactor. The gravimetric determination was obtained using an ultra-analytical balance. Identification and quantification of pesticides were obtained using UHPLC-MS/MS for 105 pesticides. The average concentration of total PM of 25.2 µg m-3 and maximum concentration of 44.2 µg m-3 were obtained. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorimuron, difenoconazole, diflubenzuron, ethephon, metolachlor, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin were determined in the inhalable fraction (2.5 to 10.0 µm). In the fine fraction (1.0 to 2.5 µm) carbendazim, ethephon, metolachlor and trifloxystrobin were determined and in the 0.5 to 1.0 µm fraction, clomazone, ethoprophos, fenpropimorph, metalaxyl, pyrimethanil and propoxur were determined. Cyproconazole and metolachlor were determined in the <0.25 µm range and acephate was found in the coarse and fine ranges. The population in the region is exposed to possible risks when breathing particulate matter containing pesticides. These studies are essential to support public policies and more sustainable agricultural practices, promoting food security and environmental protection.
Downloads
Referências
ARDEN, POPE III C.; DOCKERY, D. W. Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, v. 56, n. 6, p. 709-742, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485
BOUGIATIOTI, A.; KANAKIDOU, M.; MIHALOPOULOS, N., Air Quality in European Cities. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry v. 73, p. 517-542. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2016.03.018
COSCOLLÀ, C.; YUSÀ, V. Pesticides and Agricultural Air Quality. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, v. 73, p. 423-490, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.012
GUARIEIRO, L. L. N.; VASCONCELLOS, P. C.; SOLCI, C. M. Poluentes Atmosféricos Provenientes da Queima de Combustíveis Fósseis e Biocombustíveis: Uma Breve Revisão. Revista Virtual de Química, v. 3, n. 5. 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1984-6835.20110047
GUIDA, Y. DE S. et al. Air contamination by legacy and current-use pesticides in Brazilian mountains: An overview of national regulations by monitoring pollutant presence in pristine areas. Environmental Pollution, v. 242, p. 19-30, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.061
HESS, S. C.; NODARI, R. O.; LOPES-FERREIRA, M. Agrotóxicos: críticas à regulação que permite o envenenamento do país. Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, v. 57, p. 106-134, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/dma.v57i0.76169
MASSI, E. H. G. et al. Os agrotóxicos na atmosfera e sua ausência nas políticas públicas de qualidade do ar. Conjecturas, v. 22, n. 15, 2022. https://doi.org/10.53660/CONJ-1919-2Q13
MEIRE, R. O. et al. Seasonal and altitudinal variations of legacy and current-use pesticides in the Brazilian tropical and subtropical mountains. Atmospheric Environment, v. 59, p. 108-116, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.05.018
MEIRE, R. O. et al. Use of passive samplers to detect organochlorine pesticides in air and water at wetland mountain region sites (S-SE Brazil). Chemosphere, v. 144, p. 2175–2182, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.133
MISRA, C. et al. Development and evaluation of a personal cascade impactor sampler (PCIS), Journal Aerosol Science, v. 33, p. 1027 – 1047, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(02)00055-1
NASCIMENTO, M. M.; DA ROCHA, G. O.; DE ANDRADE, J. B. Pesticides in fine airborne particles: from a green analysis method to atmospheric characterization and risk assessment. Scientific Reports, v. 7, n. 2267, p. 1 – 11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02518-1
NASCIMENTO, M. M.; DA ROCHA, G. O.; DE ANDRADE, J. B. Pesticides in the atmospheric environment: an overview on their determination methodologies. Analytical Methods, v. 10, p. 4484-4504. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AY01327F
NASCIMENTO, M. M.; DA ROCHA, G. O.; DE ANDRADE, J. B. A rapid low-consuming solvent extraction procedure for simultaneous determination of 34 multiclass pesticides associated to respirable atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) by GC–MS. Microchemical Journal, v. 139, p. 424–436, 2018b. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2018.03.023
SIOUTAS, C. et al. Design and experimental characterization of a PM1 and a PM2.5 personal sampler. Journal Aerosol Science, v. 30, p. 693 – 707, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00758-7
TOMINAGA, M. Y. et al. PCDD, PCDF, dl-PCB and organochlorine pesticides monitoring in São Paulo City using passive air sampler as part of the Global Monitoring Plan. Science of The Total Environment, v. 571, p. 323-331, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.173
VAN DEN BERG, F. et al. Emission of Pesticides into the Air. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 115, p. 195–218, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005234329622
VAN DIJK, H. F. G.; VAN PUL, W. A. J.; DE VOOGT, P. Fate of Pesticides in the Atmosphere: Implications for Environmental Risk Assessment. Amsterdam, The Netherlands SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1536-2
VAN PUL, W. A. J. et al. The potential for long-range transboundary atmospheric transport. Chemosphere, v. 37, n. 1, 113-141, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00027-7
YERA, M. B. A.; VASCONCELLOS, C. P. Pesticides in the atmosphere of urban sites with different characteristics. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, v. 156, p. 559 - 567, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.10.049
YERA, M. B. A. et al. Occurrence of Pesticides Associated to Atmospheric Aerosols: Hazard and Cancer Risk Assessments. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, v. 31, n. 6, p. 1317 - 1326, 2020. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20200017