Canine systemic protothecosis with ocular involvement: case report
Prototecose sistêmica canina com repercussão ocular: relato de casos
Resumo
Protothecosis is an uncommon disease caused by a unicellular algae primarily found in organic matter, which affects humans, cattle, dogs, and cats, with a reserved to poor prognosis. The infection typically begins in the gastrointestinal tract, presenting as refractory diarrhea that persists for months before progressing to a systemic infection, involving other organs such as the eyes. The objective of this study was to report two cases of protothecosis in dogs that initially presented with gastrointestinal symptoms for several months before developing visual deficits and blindness. The diagnosis was made through histopathological examination of the eye and testicle, aiming to raise awareness among veterinary colleagues about the differential diagnosis of protothecosis in patients with ocular alterations associated with gastrointestinal diseases.
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Referências
BARRAK, M. P. Capítulo 67. Prototecose e Clorelose. In: GREENE, C. E. (org.). Doenças infecciosas em cães e gatos. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, p. 1531-1542, 2015.
CARFORA, V., NORIS, G., CAPRIOLI, A., IURESCIA, M., STRAVINO, F., FRANCO, A. Evidence of a Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 disseminated infection in a dog with cutaneous lesions. Mycopathologia, v. 182, n. 5-6, p. 603-608, 2017.
COSTA, E. O., MELVILLE, M.A., RIBEIRO, A.R., WATANABE, E.T., PAROLARI, M.C. Epidemiologic study of environmental sources in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak of bovine mastitis. Mycopathologia, v. 137, n. 1, p. 33–36, 1997.
FONT, C., MASCORT, J., MÁRQUEZ, M., ESTEBAN, C., SÁNCHEZ, D., DURALL, N., PUMAROLA, M., & LUJÁN, A. Paraparesis as initial manifestation of a Prototheca zopfii infection in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 283-286, 2014.
GREENE, C.E. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. WB Saunders, 2012.
HALL, E.; SIMPSON, J.W. Manual de gastroenterologia em pequenos animais. 2. ed. Barcelona: Lexus, 2012.
LASS-FLÖRL, C.; MAYR, A. Prototecose humana. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, v. 20, p. 230-242, 2007.
NELSON, R.W.; COUTO, C.G. Small animal internal medicine. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2014.
PLUMB, D.C. Amphotericin B. In: PLUMB, D.C. (Ed.). Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. 9th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 69-73, 2018.
PLUMB, D.C. Itraconazole. In: PLUMB, D.C. (Ed.). Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. 9th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 642-645, 2018.
PORE, R.S., BARNETT, E. A., BARNES JR, W.C., WALKER, J.D. Prototheca ecology. Mycopathologia, v. 81, n. 1, p. 49-62, 1983.
PRESSLER, B. M., GOOKIN, J.L., SYKES, J.E., WOLF, A.M., VADEN, S.L. Urinary tract manifestations of protothecosis in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v. 19, n. 1, p. 115-119, 2005.
SAMANTA, I. Prototheca. In: SAMANTA, I. Veterinary Mycology. Springer, 2015, p. 11-153.
SCHÖNIGER, S., ROSCHANSKI, N., RÖSLER,U., VIDOVIC, A., NOWAK, M., DIETZ, O., WITTENBRINK, M.M., SCHOON, H-A. Prototheca species and Pithomyces chartarum as causative agents of rhinitis and/or sinusitis in horses. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v. 155, n. 2-3, p. 121-125, 2016.
SHANK, A.M.M.; DUBIELZIG, R.D.; TEIXEIRA, L.B.C. Canine ocular protothecosis: A review of 14 cases. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v. 18, n. 5, p. 437–442, 2015.
SOUZA, L.N., ESTRELA-LIMA, A., MOREIRA, E.L.T., RIBEIRO, L.G.R., XAVIER, M.N., SILVA, T.M.A, COSTA, E.A., SANTOS, R.L. Systemic canine protothecosis. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, v. 2, n. 2, p. 102-106, 2009.
STENNER, V.J., MACKAY, B., KING, T., BARRS, V.R.D., IRWIN, P., ABRAHAM, L., SWIFT, N., LANGER, N., BERNAYS, M., HAMPSON, E., MARTIN, P., KROCKENBERGER, M.B., BOSWARD, K., LATTER, M., MALIK, R. Protothecosis in 17 australian dogs and a review of the canine literature. Medical Mycology, v. 45, n. 3, p. 249-266, 2007.
STRUNCK, E.; BILLUPS, L.; AVGERIS, S. Canine protothecosis. Infectious Disease Compendium, v. 26, n. 2, Feb. 2004.
VINCE, A.R., PINARD, C., OGILVIE,A.T., TAN , E.O., ABRAMS-OGG, A.C.G. Protothecosis in a dog. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 55, n. 10, p. 950-954, 2014.
WALSH, T.J., HAYDEN, R.T., & LARONE, D.H. Larone’s Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification. 6th ed., ASM Press, 2018.
YOUNG, M; BUSH, W; SANCHEZ, M; GAVIN, P; WILLIAMS, M. et al. Serial MRI and CSF analysis in a dog treated with intrathecal amphotericin B for protothecosis. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v. 48, n. 2, p. 125-131, 2012.
BARRAK, M. P. Capítulo 67. Prototecose e Clorelose. In: GREENE, C. E. (org.). Doenças infecciosas em cães e gatos. 4. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, p. 1531-1542, 2015.
CARFORA, V., NORIS, G., CAPRIOLI, A., IURESCIA, M., STRAVINO, F., FRANCO, A. Evidence of a Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 disseminated infection in a dog with cutaneous lesions. Mycopathologia, v. 182, n. 5-6, p. 603-608, 2017.
COSTA, E. O., MELVILLE, M.A., RIBEIRO, A.R., WATANABE, E.T., PAROLARI, M.C. Epidemiologic study of environmental sources in a Prototheca zopfii outbreak of bovine mastitis. Mycopathologia, v. 137, n. 1, p. 33–36, 1997.
FONT, C., MASCORT, J., MÁRQUEZ, M., ESTEBAN, C., SÁNCHEZ, D., DURALL, N., PUMAROLA, M., & LUJÁN, A. Paraparesis as initial manifestation of a Prototheca zopfii infection in a dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 283-286, 2014.
GREENE, C.E. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 4th ed. WB Saunders, 2012.
HALL, E.; SIMPSON, J.W. Manual de gastroenterologia em pequenos animais. 2. ed. Barcelona: Lexus, 2012.
LASS-FLÖRL, C.; MAYR, A. Prototecose humana. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, v. 20, p. 230-242, 2007.
NELSON, R.W.; COUTO, C.G. Small animal internal medicine. 5th ed. Elsevier, 2014.
PLUMB, D.C. Amphotericin B. In: PLUMB, D.C. (Ed.). Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. 9th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 69-73, 2018.
PLUMB, D.C. Itraconazole. In: PLUMB, D.C. (Ed.). Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. 9th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 642-645, 2018.
PORE, R.S., BARNETT, E. A., BARNES JR, W.C., WALKER, J.D. Prototheca ecology. Mycopathologia, v. 81, n. 1, p. 49-62, 1983.
PRESSLER, B. M., GOOKIN, J.L., SYKES, J.E., WOLF, A.M., VADEN, S.L. Urinary tract manifestations of protothecosis in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v. 19, n. 1, p. 115-119, 2005.
SAMANTA, I. Prototheca. In: SAMANTA, I. Veterinary Mycology. Springer, 2015, p. 11-153.
SCHÖNIGER, S., ROSCHANSKI, N., RÖSLER,U., VIDOVIC, A., NOWAK, M., DIETZ, O., WITTENBRINK, M.M., SCHOON, H-A. Prototheca species and Pithomyces chartarum as causative agents of rhinitis and/or sinusitis in horses. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v. 155, n. 2-3, p. 121-125, 2016.
SHANK, A.M.M.; DUBIELZIG, R.D.; TEIXEIRA, L.B.C. Canine ocular protothecosis: A review of 14 cases. Veterinary Ophthalmology, v. 18, n. 5, p. 437–442, 2015.
SOUZA, L.N., ESTRELA-LIMA, A., MOREIRA, E.L.T., RIBEIRO, L.G.R., XAVIER, M.N., SILVA, T.M.A, COSTA, E.A., SANTOS, R.L. Systemic canine protothecosis. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, v. 2, n. 2, p. 102-106, 2009.
STENNER, V.J., MACKAY, B., KING, T., BARRS, V.R.D., IRWIN, P., ABRAHAM, L., SWIFT, N., LANGER, N., BERNAYS, M., HAMPSON, E., MARTIN, P., KROCKENBERGER, M.B., BOSWARD, K., LATTER, M., MALIK, R. Protothecosis in 17 australian dogs and a review of the canine literature. Medical Mycology, v. 45, n. 3, p. 249-266, 2007.
STRUNCK, E.; BILLUPS, L.; AVGERIS, S. Canine protothecosis. Infectious Disease Compendium, v. 26, n. 2, Feb. 2004.
VINCE, A.R., PINARD, C., OGILVIE,A.T., TAN , E.O., ABRAMS-OGG, A.C.G. Protothecosis in a dog. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 55, n. 10, p. 950-954, 2014.
WALSH, T.J., HAYDEN, R.T., & LARONE, D.H. Larone’s Medically Important Fungi: A Guide to Identification. 6th ed., ASM Press, 2018.
YOUNG, M; BUSH, W; SANCHEZ, M; GAVIN, P; WILLIAMS, M. et al. Serial MRI and CSF analysis in a dog treated with intrathecal amphotericin B for protothecosis. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v. 48, n. 2, p. 125-131, 2012.
